Earwax (cerumen) is a natural, protective substance made in the outer ear canal that traps dirt, germs, and dust, keeping the ear clean and healthy; it's usually self-cleaning, but sometimes builds up (impaction), causing blockages, pain, ringing (tinnitus), or temporary hearing loss, often from trying to clean with cotton swabs that push wax deeper, and should be softened with oil drops or treated by a doctor, not dug out.